The Hacker Recipes
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  • Introduction
  • Active Directory
    • Reconnaissance
      • DHCP
      • DNS
      • NBT-NS
      • Responder ⚙️
      • Port scanning
      • LDAP
      • BloodHound ⚙️
      • MS-RPC
      • enum4linux ⚙️
      • Password policy
    • Movement
      • Credentials
        • Dumping
          • SAM & LSA secrets
          • DPAPI secrets
          • NTDS secrets
          • LSASS secrets
          • DCSync
          • Group Policy Preferences
          • Network shares
          • Network protocols
          • Web browsers
          • In-memory secrets
          • Kerberos key list
          • 🛠️Cached Kerberos tickets
          • 🛠️Windows Credential Manager
          • 🛠️Local files
          • 🛠️Password managers
        • Cracking
        • Bruteforcing
          • Guessing
          • Spraying
          • Stuffing
        • Shuffling
        • Impersonation
      • MITM and coerced auths
        • ARP poisoning
        • DNS spoofing
        • DHCP poisoning
        • DHCPv6 spoofing
        • WSUS spoofing
        • LLMNR, NBT-NS, mDNS spoofing
        • ADIDNS poisoning
        • WPAD spoofing
        • MS-EFSR abuse (PetitPotam)
        • MS-RPRN abuse (PrinterBug)
        • MS-FSRVP abuse (ShadowCoerce)
        • MS-DFSNM abuse (DFSCoerce)
        • PushSubscription abuse
        • WebClient abuse (WebDAV)
        • 🛠️NBT Name Overwrite
        • 🛠️ICMP Redirect
        • 🛠️Living off the land
      • NTLM
        • Capture
        • Relay
        • Pass the hash
      • Kerberos
        • Pre-auth bruteforce
        • Pass the key
        • Overpass the hash
        • Pass the ticket
        • Pass the cache
        • Forged tickets
          • Silver tickets
          • Golden tickets
          • Diamond tickets
          • Sapphire tickets
          • RODC Golden tickets
          • MS14-068
        • ASREQroast
        • ASREProast
        • Kerberoast
        • Delegations
          • (KUD) Unconstrained
          • (KCD) Constrained
          • (RBCD) Resource-based constrained
          • S4U2self abuse
          • Bronze Bit
        • Shadow Credentials
        • UnPAC the hash
        • Pass the Certificate
        • sAMAccountName spoofing
        • SPN-jacking
      • DACL abuse
        • AddMember
        • ForceChangePassword
        • Targeted Kerberoasting
        • ReadLAPSPassword
        • ReadGMSAPassword
        • Grant ownership
        • Grant rights
        • Logon script
        • Rights on RODC object
      • Group policies
      • Trusts
      • Netlogon
        • ZeroLogon
      • Certificate Services (AD-CS)
        • Certificate templates
        • Certificate authority
        • Access controls
        • Unsigned endpoints
        • Certifried
      • SCCM / MECM
        • Privilege escalation
        • Post-exploitation
      • Exchange services
        • 🛠️PrivExchange
        • 🛠️ProxyLogon
        • 🛠️ProxyShell
      • Print Spooler Service
        • PrinterBug
        • PrintNightmare
      • Schannel
        • Pass the Certificate
      • Built-ins & settings
        • Security groups
        • MachineAccountQuota
        • Pre-Windows 2000 computers
        • RODC
    • Persistence
      • DC Shadow
      • SID History
      • Skeleton key
      • GoldenGMSA
      • AdminSDHolder
      • Kerberos
        • Forged tickets
        • Delegation to KRBTGT
      • Certificate Services (AD-CS)
        • Certificate authority
        • Access controls
        • Golden certificate
      • 🛠️DACL abuse
      • Shadow Principals (PAM)
  • Web services
    • Reconnaissance
      • HTTP response headers
      • Comments and metadata
      • Error messages
      • Site crawling
      • Directory fuzzing
      • Subdomains enumeration
      • Subdomain & vhost fuzzing
      • Web Application Firewall (WAF)
      • Content Management System (CMS)
      • Other technologies
      • Known vulnerabilities
    • Configuration
      • Default credentials
      • HTTP methods
      • HTTP security headers
        • Clickjacking
        • MIME type sniffing
        • 🛠️CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing)
        • 🛠️CSP (Content Security Policy)
      • HTTP request smuggling
      • HTTP response splitting
      • Insecure Cookies
      • Denial of Service (DoS)
      • Identity and Access Management
        • 🛠️OAuth 2.0
    • Accounts and sessions
      • Security policies
      • Password change
      • 🛠️Password reset
      • Account creation
      • 🛠️Account deletion
      • 🛠️Logging in
    • User inputs
      • File inclusion
        • LFI to RCE
          • logs poisoning
          • phpinfo
          • file upload
          • PHP wrappers and streams
          • PHP session
          • /proc
        • RFI to RCE
      • Unrestricted file upload
      • SQL injection
      • XSS (Cross-Site Scripting)
      • CSRF (Cross-Site Request Forgery)
      • SSRF (Server-Side Request Forgery)
      • IDOR (Insecure Direct Object Reference)
      • ORED Open redirect
      • Content-Type juggling
      • XXE injection
      • Insecure JSON Web Tokens
      • 🛠️HTTP parameter pollution
      • 🛠️SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection)
      • 🛠️Insecure deserialization
      • 🛠️CRLF injection
      • 🛠️Arbitrary file download
      • 🛠️Directory traversal
      • 🛠️Null-byte injection
  • Systems & services
    • Reconnaissance
      • 🛠️Hosts discovery
      • Port scanning
    • Initial access (protocols)
      • 🛠️FTP
      • 🛠️SSH
      • 🛠️Telnet
      • 🛠️DNS
      • 🛠️HTTP
      • 🛠️Kerberos
      • 🛠️LDAP
      • 🛠️SMB
      • 🛠️RTSP
      • 🛠️MSSQL
      • 🛠️NFS
      • 🛠️MySQL
      • 🛠️RDP
      • 🛠️WinRM
    • Initial access (phishing)
    • Privilege escalation
      • Windows
        • 🛠️Credential dumping
        • 🛠️Unquoted path
        • 🛠️Scheduled tasks
        • 🛠️Weak service permissions
        • 🛠️Vulnerable drivers
        • 🛠️Account privileges
        • 🛠️Kernel exploitation
        • 🛠️Windows Subsystem for Linux
        • 🛠️Runas saved creds
        • Unattend files
        • 🛠️Network secrets
        • 🛠️Living off the land
      • UNIX-like
        • SUDO
        • SUID/SGID binaries
        • 🛠️Capabilities
        • 🛠️Network secrets
        • 🛠️Living off the land
    • Pivoting
      • 🛠️Port forwarding
      • 🛠️SOCKS proxy
  • Evasion
    • (AV) Anti-Virus
      • 🛠️Loader
      • 🛠️Dropper
      • 🛠️Obfuscation
      • 🛠️Process injection
      • 🛠️Stealth with C2
    • 🛠️(EDR) Endpoint Detection and Response
  • 🛠️Physical
    • Locks
    • Networking
      • Network Access Control
    • Machines
      • HID injection
      • Keylogging
      • BIOS security
      • Encryption
      • Airstrike attack
    • Super secret zones
      • 🍌Banana & chocolate cake
      • 🍳Omelette du fromage
      • 🍔Burger du seigneur
      • 🥞The Pancakes of Heaven
  • 🛠️Intelligence gathering
    • CYBINT
      • Emails
      • Web infrastructure
    • OSINT
    • GEOINT
  • 🛠️RADIO
    • RFID
      • Mifare Classic
        • Default keys
        • Darkside
        • Nested
    • Bluetooth
    • Wi-Fi
      • 🛠️WEP
      • 🛠️WPA2
      • 🛠️WPS
    • Wireless keyboard/mouse
  • 🛠️mobile apps
    • Android
      • Android Debug Bridge ⚙️
      • APK transform
      • Magisk
    • iOS
      • Certificate pinning
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On this page
  • Theory
  • Practice
  • Fuzzing tools
  • Wordlists

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  1. Web services
  2. Reconnaissance

Directory fuzzing

PreviousSite crawlingNextSubdomains enumeration

Last updated 3 years ago

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Theory

While Crawling allows testers to build the indexed architecture of website, this technique can't find directories and files that are not referenced. Directory fuzzing (a.k.a. directory bruteforcing) is a technique that can find some of those "hidden" paths. Dictionaries of common paths are used to request the web app for each path until exhaustion of the list. This technique relies on the attacker using a dictionnary/wordlist. A request is made for every line of the wordlist to differentiate pages that exist and pages that don't

Practice

Fuzzing tools

Tools like (C), (Java), (Go), (Python), (Go) and (Rust) can do directory fuzzing/bruteforcing. Burp Suite can do it too. Depending on the web application, one will be better suited than another and additional options will be needed.

gobuster dir --useragent "PENTEST" --wordlist "/path/to/wordlist.txt" --url $URL
wfuzz --hc 404,403 -H "User-Agent: PENTEST" -c -z file,"/path/to/wordlist.txt" $URL/FUZZ

(Go) and (Rust) are two awesome alternatives that can do recursive fuzzing unlike (Go) and (Python) mentioned above.

ffuf -H "User-Agent: PENTEST" -c -w "/path/to/wordlist.txt" -maxtime-job 60 -recursion -recursion-depth 2 -u $URL/FUZZ
feroxbuster -H "User-Agent: PENTEST" -w "/path/to/wordlist.txt" -u http://192.168.10.10/

Directory fuzzing needs to be slowed down when testing production instances as it could lead to an unintended denial of service, especially when using , a tool known for it's high speed.

Wordlists

In order to fuzz more accurately, there are many dictionaries adapted for many situations, most of which can be downloaded from SecLists. SecLists can be installed (apt install seclists or downloaded directly from ).

The ultimate combo is + + .

In the following command, is used to print a file fuzzer prompt allowing the user to quickly choose the perfect wordlist for content discovery.

feroxbuster -H "User-Agent: PENTEST" -w `fzf-wordlists` -u http://192.168.10.10/

In this case, fzf-wordlists is an alias to the following command using fzf and find to fuzz wordlists from specific directories.

find /usr/share/seclists /usr/share/wordlists /usr/share/dirbuster /usr/share/wfuzz /usr/share/dirb -type f | fzf
dirb
dirbuster
gobuster
wfuzz
ffuf
feroxbuster
ffuf
feroxbuster
gobuster
wfuzz
feroxbuster
the GitHub repo
ffuf
fzf
seclists
fzf